Chapter 8. The X Window System

openSUSE Documentation Part II. Administration / Chapter 8. The X Window System
	7.8. Troubleshooting		8.2. Installing and Configuring Fonts

Contents

8.1. Manually Configuring the X Window System
8.2. Installing and Configuring Fonts
8.3. For More Information

The X Window System (X11) is the de facto standard for graphical user interfaces in UNIX. X is network-based, enabling applications started on one host to be displayed on another host connected over any kind of network (LAN or Internet). This chapter describes the setup and optimization of the X Window System environment, and provides background information about the use of fonts in openSUSE®.

8.1. Manually Configuring the X Window System

By default, the X Window System is configured with the SaX2 interface, described in Section “Setting Up Graphics Card and Monitor” (Chapter 2, Setting Up Hardware Components with YaST, ↑Start-Up). Alternatively it can be configured manually by editing the its configuration files.

	Faulty X Configurations can Damage Your Hardware
Be very careful when configuring your X Window System. Never start the X Window System until the configuration is finished. A misconfigured system can cause irreparable damage to your hardware (this applies especially to fixed-frequency monitors). The creators of this book and openSUSE cannot be held responsible for any resulting damage. This information has been carefully researched, but this does not guarantee that all methods presented here are correct and cannot damage your hardware.

Faulty X Configurations can Damage Your Hardware

Be very careful when configuring your X Window System. Never start the X Window System until the configuration is finished. A misconfigured system can cause irreparable damage to your hardware (this applies especially to fixed-frequency monitors). The creators of this book and openSUSE cannot be held responsible for any resulting damage. This information has been carefully researched, but this does not guarantee that all methods presented here are correct and cannot damage your hardware.

The command sax2 creates the /etc/X11/xorg.conf file. This is the primary configuration file of the X Window System. Find all the settings here concerning your graphics card, mouse, and monitor.

The following sections describe the structure of the configuration file /etc/X11/xorg.conf. It consists of several sections, each one dealing with a certain aspect of the configuration. Each section starts with the keyword Section <designation> and ends with EndSection. The following convention applies to all sections:

Section "designation"
  entry 1
  entry 2
  entry n
EndSection

The section types available are listed in Table 8.1, “Sections in /etc/X11/xorg.conf”.

Table 8.1. Sections in /etc/X11/xorg.conf

Type	Meaning
`Files`	The paths used for fonts and the RGB color table.
`ServerFlags`	General switches for the server behavior.
`Module`	A list of modules the server should load
`InputDevice`	Input devices, like keyboards and special input devices (touchpads, joysticks, etc.), are configured in this section. Important parameters in this section are `Driver` and the options defining the `Protocol` and `Device`. You normally have one `InputDevice` section per device attached to the computer.
`Monitor`	The monitor used. Important elements of this section are the `Identifier`, which is referred to later in the `Screen` definition, the refresh rate `VertRefresh`, and the synchronization frequency limits (`HorizSync` and `VertRefresh`). Settings are given in MHz, kHz, and Hz. Normally, the server refuses any modeline that does not correspond with the specification of the monitor. This prevents too high frequencies from being sent to the monitor by accident.
`Modes`	The modeline parameters for the specific screen resolutions. These parameters can be calculated by SaX2 on the basis of the values given by the user and normally do not need to be changed. Intervene manually at this point if, for example, you want to connect a fixed frequency monitor. Find details of the meaning of individual number values in the HOWTO files in `/usr/share/doc/howto/en/html/XFree86-Video-Timings-HOWTO` (available in the `howtoenh` package).
`Device`	A specific graphics card. It is referenced by its descriptive name.
`Screen`	Combines a `Monitor` and a `Device` to form all the necessary settings for X.Org. In the `Display` subsection, specify the size of the virtual screen (`Virtual`), the `ViewPort`, and the `Modes` used with this screen.
`ServerLayout`	The layout of a single or multihead configuration. This section binds the input devices `InputDevice` and the display devices `Screen`.
`DRI`	Provides information for the Direct Rendering Infrastructure (DRI).

Monitor, Device, and Screen are explained in more detail. Further information about the other sections can be found in the manual pages of X.Org and xorg.conf.

There can be several different Monitor and Device sections in xorg.conf. Even multiple Screen sections are possible. The ServerLayout section determines which of these sections is used.

8.1.1. Screen Section

The screen section combines a monitor with a device section and determines the resolution and color depth to use. A screen section might resemble Example 8.1, “Screen Section of the File /etc/X11/xorg.conf”.

Example 8.1. Screen Section of the File /etc/X11/xorg.conf

Section "Screen"
  DefaultDepth  16
  SubSection "Display"
    Depth       16
    Modes       "1152x864" "1024x768" "800x600"
    Virtual     1152x864
  EndSubSection
  SubSection "Display"
    Depth       24
    Modes       "1280x1024"
  EndSubSection
  SubSection "Display"
    Depth       32
    Modes "640x480"
  EndSubSection
  SubSection "Display"
    Depth        8
    Modes       "1280x1024"
  EndSubSection
  Device        "Device[0]"
  Identifier    "Screen[0]"
  Monitor       "Monitor[0]"
EndSection

	`Section` determines the section type, in this case `Screen`.
	`DefaultDepth` determines the color depth to use by default unless another color depth is explicitly specified.
	For each color depth, different `Display` subsections are specified.
	`Depth` determines the color depth to be used with this set of `Display` settings. Possible values are `8`, `15`, `16`, `24`, and `32`, though not all of these might be supported by all X server modules or resolutions.
	The `Modes` section comprises a list of possible screen resolutions. The list is checked by the X server from left to right. For each resolution, the X server searches for a suitable `Modeline` in the `Modes` section. The `Modeline` depends on the capability of both the monitor and the graphics card. The `Monitor` settings determine the resulting `Modeline`. The first resolution found is the `Default mode`. With Ctrl+Alt++ (on the number pad), switch to the next resolution in the list to the right. With Ctrl+Alt+– (on the number pad), switch to the previous. This enables you to vary the resolution while X is running.
	The last line of the `Display` subsection with `Depth 16` refers to the size of the virtual screen. The maximum possible size of a virtual screen depends on the amount of memory installed on the graphics card and the desired color depth, not on the maximum resolution of the monitor. If you omit this line, the virtual resolution is just the physical resolution. Because modern graphics cards have a large amount of video memory, you can create very large virtual desktops. However, you may no longer be able to use 3D functionality if you fill most of the video memory with a virtual desktop. If, for example, the card has 16 MB of video RAM, the virtual screen can take up to 4096x4096 pixels in size at 8-bit color depth. Especially for accelerated cards, however, it is not recommended to use all your memory for the virtual screen, because the card's memory is also used for several font and graphics caches.
	The `Identifier` line (here `Screen[0]`) gives this section a defined name with which it can be uniquely referenced in the following `ServerLayout` section. The lines `Device` and `Monitor` specify the graphics card and the monitor that belong to this definition. These are just links to the `Device` and `Monitor` sections with their corresponding names or identifiers. These sections are discussed in detail below.

8.1.2. Device Section

A device section describes a specific graphics card. You can have as many device entries in xorg.conf as you like, provided their names are differentiated using the keyword Identifier. If you have more than one graphics card installed, the sections are simply numbered in order. The first one is called Device[0], the second one Device[1], and so on. The following file shows an excerpt from the Device section of a computer with a Matrox Millennium PCI graphics card (as configured by SaX2):

Section "Device"
  BoardName     "MGA2064W"
  BusID         "0:19:0"
  Driver        "mga"
  Identifier    "Device[0]"
  VendorName    "Matrox"
  Option        "sw_cursor"
EndSection

The BusID refers to the PCI or AGP slot in which the graphics card is installed. This matches the ID displayed by the command lspci. The X server needs details in decimal form, but lspci displays these in hexadecimal form. The value of BusID is automatically detected by SaX2.

The value of Driver is automatically set by SaX2 and specifies which driver to use for your graphics card. If the card is a Matrox Millennium, the driver module is called mga. The X server then searches through the ModulePath defined in the Files section in the drivers subdirectory. In a standard installation, this is the /usr/lib/xorg/modules/drivers directory. _drv.o is added to the name, so, in the case of the mga driver, the driver file mga_drv.o is loaded.

The behavior of the X server or of the driver can also be influenced through additional options. An example of this is the option sw_cursor, which is set in the device section. This deactivates the hardware mouse cursor and depicts the mouse cursor using software. Depending on the driver module, there are various options available, which can be found in the description files of the driver modules in the directory /usr/share/doc/package_name. Generally valid options can also be found in the manual pages (man xorg.conf, man X.Org, and man 4 chips).

If the graphics card has multiple video connectors, it is possible to configure the different devices of this single card as one single view. Use SaX2 to set up your graphics interface this way.

8.1.3. Monitor and Modes Section

Like the Device sections, the Monitor and Modes sections describe one monitor each. The configuration file /etc/X11/xorg.conf can contain as many Monitor sections as desired. Each Monitor section references a Modes section with the line UseModes if available. If no Modes section is available for the Monitor section, the X server calculates appropriate values from the general synchronization values. The server layout section specifies which Monitor section is relevant.

Monitor definitions should only be set by experienced users. The modelines are an important part of the Monitor sections. Modelines set horizontal and vertical timings for the respective resolution. The monitor properties, especially the allowed frequencies, are stored in the Monitor section.

	Warning
Unless you have in-depth knowledge of monitor and graphics card functions, do not change the modelines, because this could severely damage your monitor.

Those who try to develop their own monitor descriptions should be very familiar with the documentation in /usr/share/X11/doc.

Manual specification of modelines is rarely required today. If you are using a modern multisync monitor, the allowed frequencies and optimal resolutions can, as a rule, be read directly from the monitor by the X server via DDC, as described in the SaX2 configuration section. If this is not possible for some reason, use one of the VESA modes included in the X server. This will work with almost all graphics card and monitor combinations.